育种学cms是什么意思啊英文

Title: Understanding the Concept of CMS in Breeding Genetics: A Comprehensive Explanation

Introduction: In the field of breeding genetics, the term "CMS" refers to a specific breeding technique that has revolutionized the way geneticists and breeders approach plant and animal improvement. CMS stands for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility, and it plays a crucial role in hybrid seed production. This article aims to provide a detailed explanation of what CMS is, its significance, and its applications in breeding genetics.

What is CMS? Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) is a genetic trait that prevents the development of male gametes (sperm cells) in plants or animals, resulting in male sterility. This trait is caused by a recessive gene located in the cytoplasm of the cell, which is inherited maternally. Unlike nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes are not contained within the nucleus and do not follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.

How does CMS work? In CMS, the male sterile plants or animals are called the "male sterile line" or "pollenizer," while the fertile plants or animals are referred to as the "restorer line." The restorer line carries a dominant gene that can restore fertility to the male sterile line when crossed.

Applications of CMS in Plant Breeding:

1. Hybrid Seed Production: CMS is widely used in hybrid seed production, where the male sterile line is crossed with the restorer line to produce fertile hybrid offspring. This technique ensures that the hybrid plants inherit desirable traits from both parents, resulting in improved yield, disease resistance, and quality.

2. Inbreeding Depression: CMS can help overcome inbreeding depression by allowing breeders to cross two genetically distinct lines without the risk of inbreeding. This is particularly useful in maintaining genetic diversity in crop populations.

3. Genetic Mapping: CMS is employed in genetic mapping studies to identify and locate genes responsible for desirable traits. By crossing male sterile lines with various genetic backgrounds, breeders can pinpoint the location of specific genes.

4. Bioenergy Crops: CMS is utilized in the development of bioenergy crops, such as switchgrass and Miscanthus. By producing male sterile plants, breeders can focus on improving yield and other desirable traits without the need for chemical or mechanical male sterility methods.

Applications of CMS in Animal Breeding:

1. Insect Control: CMS has been used in insect breeding programs to produce male sterile insects for release in the wild. This technique is used to control pest populations, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.

2. Disease Control: Similar to insect control, CMS can be used in animal breeding programs to produce male sterile animals for release in the wild. This method is used to control disease-carrying organisms, such as mosquitoes or ticks.

3. Conservation: CMS can be employed in conservation programs to restore genetic diversity in endangered species. By producing male sterile individuals, breeders can cross them with wild populations, ensuring the preservation of endangered species.

Conclusion: Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) is a powerful tool in breeding genetics, enabling breeders to produce improved varieties of plants and animals with desirable traits. Its applications in hybrid seed production, inbreeding depression, genetic mapping, and pest control have made CMS an essential component of modern breeding techniques. By understanding the concept and significance of CMS, breeders can continue to make advancements in agriculture and conservation efforts.